The car weighs an impressive 2,535 pounds and features a carbon fiber construction for the body and chassis. Car design (384 articles) geneva motor show 2019 (19 articles).
Designers at work in 1961. Standing by the scale model's left front fender is, an automobile designer at (AMC)Automotive design is the process of developing the appearance, and to some extent the, of motor vehicles, including, and.The functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many different disciplines included within, however, design roles are not associated with requirements for Professional or Chartered-Engineer qualifications. Automotive design in this context is primarily concerned with developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of the vehicle, though it is also involved in the creation of the. Automotive design as a professional vocation is practiced by designers who may have an art background and a degree in or transportation design.Terminology used in the field is found in the. A futuristic original sketch for the 512-S concept car by Paul Martin in 1967. There are already many features of the final product, including the reduced height, wheels coved for low drag and the characteristic entry system.The task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects: exterior design, interior design, and color and design. Is also an aspect of automotive design; this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit.
Design focuses not only on the isolated outer shape of automobile parts, but concentrates on the combination of form and function, starting from the vehicle package.The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well. In particular, vehicular electronic components and parts will give more challenges to automotive designers who are required to update on the latest information and knowledge associated with emerging vehicular gadgetry, particularly devices, like GPS navigation, mobile TV, MP3 players, video playback, and smartphone interfaces. Though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models.Exterior design The design team(s) responsible for the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, and surface details of the vehicle. Exterior design is first done by a series of manual sketches and digital drawings.
Progressively, drawings that are more detailed are executed and approved by appropriate layers of management, followed by digital rendering to images. Consumer feedback is generally sought at this point to help iteratively refine vehicle concepts according to the targeted market, and will continue throughout the rest of the design refinement process. After more progressive refinement, industrial plasticine and or digital models are developed from and along with the drawings and images.
The data from these models are then used to create quarter-scale and finally full-sized mock-ups of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the is first designed in a computer program and then 'carved' using the machine and large amounts of clay.
Even in times of high-class 3D (three dimensional) software and virtual models on power walls, the clay model is still the most important tool for final evaluation of the exterior design of a vehicle and, therefore, is used throughout the industry.Interior design The designer responsible for the vehicles' interior develops the proportions, shape, placement, and surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim panels, headliner, pillar trims, etc. Here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with exterior design (sketch, digital model and clay model).Color and trim design The color and (or color and materials) designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include, designs, grains, headliner, wood trim, and so on., contrast, and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with the exterior and interior designers.Designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as: industrial design, home furnishing, and sometimes. Specific research is done into global trends to design for projects two to three in the future.
Trend boards are created from this research in order to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are then further refined and tested on the vehicle models.Graphic design The design team also develops graphics for items such as: badges, decals, dials, switches, kick or tread strips, liveries.Computer-Aided Design and Class-A development The sketches and rendering are transformed into 3D Digital surface modelling and rendering for real-time evaluation with Math data in initial stages. During the development process succeeding phases will require the 3D model fully developed to meet the aesthetic requirements of a designer and well as all engineering and manufacturing requirements.The fully developed CAS digital model will be re-developed for manufacturing meeting the Class-A surface standards that involves both technical as well as aesthetics. This data will be further developed by Product Engineering team. These modelers usually have a background in Industrial design or sometimes tooling engineering in case of some Class-A modelers. And are the two most widely used software tools for Class-A development.Development process.
Opel 50 in its early design stages Design development cycle Several manufacturers have slightly varied development cycles for designing an Automobile, but in practice these are the following. Design and User Research.
Concept Development. Interior Buck Model. Vehicle ergonomics.
Colour and Trim. Vehicle GraphicsThe design process occurs concurrently with other product Engineers who will be engineering the styling data for meeting performance, manufacturing and safety regulations. From mid-phase, back and forth interactions between the designers and product engineers culminates into a finished product be manufacturing ready.Apart from this the Engineering team parallelly works in the following areas. Product Engineering (Body In White Sheetmetal Design and Plastic engineering), NVH Development team, development, engineering, Physical Vehicle validation, Tool and Die development and design.Development team The Design team for a specific model consists of a chief designer and an Exterior as well as interior designer.
In some cases all three roles are done by one designer. Several junior designers are involved in the development process as well who make specific contributions all overseen by the chief designer. Apart from this the Color and trim designer works closely with other designers. The Clay model team and Digital model team works closely with the styling team all located within the studio.Apart from this there would be studio head, studio managers and prototype engineers who would work across all teams in the studio.The total team size for developing a full sedan usually ranges from 25 to 40 members and the development time lasts for more than 24 months till signed-off for tooling and production. Thereafter a smaller team would be working until vehicle launch.Components Integration of an automobile involves fitting together separate parts to form a body or units and mounting these onto a frame, the.An automobile chassis basically comprises the following:. Body shell: Forms the skeleton of the vehicle.
Engine: Power train unit of the vehicle; which in the past has been in large part, the internal combustion engine. Transmission system: Aids in transferring the drive from the engine to the wheels. Its main components are the clutch, gearbox, final drive, and differential. Suspension system: Used to connect the wheels to the body or chassis frame. Steering system:. Brakes.
Electrical equipment. Interior Trims: Dash board, Door pads, Roof upholstery, Seats etc.The chassis is complete in itself as a road vehicle. It can drive and control itself just as in case of a complete car and therefore, in many motor works, the chassis is usually tested on the road before the complete body of the vehicle is attached as the chassis alone can behave as the propulsion means. History U.S.
A design that was imitated by other automakers, theIn the United States, automotive design reached a turning point in the 1920s when the American national automobile market began reaching saturation. To maintain unit sales, head suggested annual model-year design changes to convince car owners that they needed to buy a new replacement each year, an idea borrowed from the bicycle industry (though Sloan usually gets the credit, or blame). Critics called his strategy. Sloan preferred the term 'dynamic obsolescence'. This strategy had far-reaching effects on the auto business, the field of product design, and eventually the American economy.The smaller automakers could not maintain the pace and expense of yearly re-styling. Did not like the model-year change because he clung to an engineer's notions of simplicity, economics of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford's sales in 1931, and became the dominant company in the industry thereafter.
The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a rather than the lighter but less adaptable monocoque design used by most European automakers.Some U.S. Designers include, who was responsible for the 851, as well as the 810 and 812 (hence also the Skylark and the Hollywood).In the 1930s, 's innovations with aerodynamics helped launch the in 1934, which was revolutionary and radical compared to the contemporary vehicles. However, inadequate consumer acceptance of the advanced appearance of the cars forced a re-design of succeeding models of the Airflow. This marketing experience made the entire industry take note of the high risks involved in incorporating major design advancements into their production cars.A major influence on American auto styling and marketing was, who brought the and other aeronautical design references to auto design starting with the rear fenders of the 1948 Cadillac.
Another notable designer was group's designer, who developed the design in the mid-1950s. Exner is also credited with using wind tunnel testing to justify incorporating tailfins, thus moving the company away from boxy-looking cars into more aerodynamic and futuristic designs.
Was responsible for a number of vehicles, such as the (including the bullet-nose).Starting in the 1960s, who spent most of his career with (AMC), originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings, starting with the. Teague was responsible for unique automotive designs such as the two-seat muscle car, the subcompact, the, and, as well as the original and market segment-creating, (introduced in 1983, and built to 2001 in the U.S. And through 2005 in China).Additionally during the 1960s, 's first generation and marked another era leading into new from. The Ford Mustang achieved record sales in its first year of production and established the segment.Personal injury litigation has had an effect on the design and appearance of the car in the 20th century. 1981 with 'jelly-mould' or 'aero look' (low CD) styling was advanced for its timeGreat Britain was Europe's leading manufacturer of automobiles until the late-1960s. During that era there were more British-based automakers than in the rest of Europe combined. The British automobile industry catered to all segments ranging from compact, budget, sports, utility, and luxury-type cars.
Car design in Britain was markedly different from other European designs largely because British designers were not influenced by other European art or design movements, as well as the British clay modelers used a different sweep set.British cars until World War II were sold in most of the. Innovations in vehicle packaging and chassis engineering combined with global familiarity with British designs meant vehicles were acceptable to public tastes at that time.
British skilled resources like panel beaters, die machinists, and clay modelers were also available also partly due their involvement with motorsport industry.Still during the 1960s, British manufacturers sought professional help from the Italians, such as,. Notable British contributions to automobile designs were by, several by and Malcolm Sayer, DB Series, and several cars from. Europe based in Great Britain, is notable for the line, a creation of,. Other British designers were for cars and for and vehicles.Germany. The 1972 byGermany is often considered the birthplace of industrial design with School of Design. However, the regime closed down the design school. And his family played a significant role in German design.
Passenger cars were also in luxury segment and played more importance to aesthetics. After the 1980s, German design evolved into a distinctive Teutonic style often to complement their high engineered cars suited to Autobahns. The early German design clues of present-day owes some part to Italian designers like,. During the mid- and late-20th century one of the most influential coach builder/designer in Germany was.German designs started gaining popularity after the 1980s, notable after the formation of., which was dependent on, Giorgetto Giugiaro, and Karmann, later formed the contemporary design language along with Audi. BMW entered the automobile design with a sporty-looking everyday sedans using Giovanni Michelotti. These models were later enhanced by Ercole Spada into the 1980s, and until the mid-1990s. The American-born designer was hired by BMW in the late-1990s to re-define the brand.
Bangle incorporated new single press technology for compound curves to add controversial styling elements to his designs.The family contribution were instrumental in the evolution of Porsche cars, while the Italian designer helped create various Mercedes Models from the 1960s to the 1990s.Italy. A mid 60's Italian Sportscar, from byIn Italy, companies like Fiat and Alfa Romeo played a major role in car design. Many coach builders were dependent on these two major manufacturers. Italian manufacturers had a large presence in motorsports leading to several sport car manufacturers like, etc.
During the late-1950s, Italian automobile designs gained global popularity coinciding with the modern fashion and architecture at that time around the world. Various design and technical schools in turned out designers in large scale.
By the late-1960s almost all Italian coach builders transformed into design studios catering to automakers around the world. The trend continued in the 1990s, when the and manufacturers sourced designs from these styling studios.
One example is.Italian designers whose designs services were sought globally are, and.Scandinavia. The 1934 Czechoslovakian is the first serial-produced aerodynamically designed automobile designed by andPrior to World War II and until the early-1990s, had strong presence in the automotive industry with manufacturers like,. Czech automobiles were generally known for their originality in mechanical simplicity and designs were remarkably as evident from Tatra cars and Jawa motorcycles. During the regime, design started falling back and ultimately the domestic automakers ended up as subsidiaries of EU-based companies.See also. Bullock, Alan (1999). The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. London: Harper-Collins.
P. 689. Hillier, Victor Albert Walter (1991). Motor Vehicles Basic Principles. Nelson Thornes. Judge, Arthur W.
The Mechanism Of The Car-Its principles, design, construction and operation (7th ed.). Chapman & Hall.
Babaian, Sharon (1998). The Most Benevolent Machine: A Historical Assessment of Cycles in Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Science and Technology. Archived from on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2014. Bell, Jonathan (2003).
Retrieved 9 January 2014. Winter, Drew (1 May 1996). Ward's AutoWorld. From the original on 28 July 2011.
Retrieved 9 January 2014. Cumberford, Robert (April 2009). From the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014. Jain, Sarah S.
Lochlann (February 2004). Cultural Anthropology.
19 (1): 61–94. (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014. Automotive News.
From the original on 3 April 2015. From the original on 15 April 2015. Swales, Neville (21 October 2011). Archived from on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2014.Further reading. Nikolaos Gkikas, ed. Automotive Ergonomics: Driver – Vehicle Interaction.
Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press. Michael Lamm and Dave Holls, A Century of Automotive Style – 100 Years of American Car Design, Lamm-Morada Publishing Co. Inc., Stockton CA.External links. Learning materials related to at Wikiversity.
Share. LinkedIn. Facebook. Twitter9Pooyan NayyeriUniversity of [email protected]. AbstractThe choice of materials for a vehicle is the first and most important factor for automotive design.
There is a variety of materials that can be used in the automotive body and chassis, but the purpose of design is the main challenge here. The most important criteria that a material should meet are lightweight, economic effectiveness, safety, recyclability and life cycle considerations. Some of these criteria are the result of legislation and regulation and some are the requirements of the customers.
However, some of these criteria may be conflicting and therefore the optimization comes into business here.In the beginning we start with explaining each criterion and then continue to introducing several materials and where they can be used. Requirments of the materials in automotive design2.1 LightweightAs there is a high emphasis on greenhouse gas reductions, reduction of emission and improving fuel efficiency this criterion is most important one for an automotive company. Lightweight materials can improve fuel efficiency more than other factors.
Experiments reveal that 10 percent of weight reduction can lead to 6 to 8 percent improvement in fuel usage. Weight reduction can be obtained by three ways:. Replacing materials of high specific weight with lower density materials without reducing rigidity and durability.
For example replacement of steel with aluminium, magnesium, composites and foams. Optimizing the design of load-carrying elements and exterior attachments so as to reduce their weight without any loss in rigidity or functionality. Optimizing the production process, such as reducing spot welding and replacing new joining techniques.But the single main obstacle in application of lightweight materials is their high cost. Yet the weight reduction is still the most cost-effective means to reduce fuel consumption. The weight reduction versus the price increase by replacing steel by aluminium or magnesium for some of the parts is reported in Table.1.Table.12.2 Economic effectivenessOne of the most important consumer driven factors in automotive industry is the cost, that determines whether any new material has an oppotrunity to be selected for a vehicle component. Cost includes three components: actual cost of raw materials, manufacturing value added, and the cost to design and test the product.Aluminium and magnesium alloys are cerainly more costly than the currently used steel and cast irons. Since cost may be higher, decisions to select light metals must be justified on the basis of improved functionality.
Meanwhile the high cost is one of the major obstacles in use of the composite materials.2.3 SafetyThe ability to absorb impact energy and be survivable for the passengers is called “crashworthiness” of the structure in vehicle. At first two concepts in automotive industry should be considered: crashworthiness and penetration resistance. In the more accurate definition of crashworthiness, it is the potential of absorption of energy through controlled failure modes and mechanisms.
However, penetration resistance is concerned with the total absorption without allowing projectile or fragment penetration.2.4 RecyclingThe most important concerns in industeries such as automotive, are ‘protection of resources’, ‘reduction of CO2 emissions’, and ‘recycling’. There are some guidelines in European Union and Asian countries about this issue. While the United States has not issued any regulations concerning automotive end-of-life requirements.For example, in the UK, around two million vehicles reach the end of their life each year and these vehicles are concidered as hazardous waste untill they have been fully treated. When a consumer decides not to use a vehicle anymore, there are following options available:. Sell the whole vehicle to another user.
Disassemble the vehicle. Remanufacture the vehicle. Recycle the vehicle for materials. Dispose the vehicle to a landfill.
Materials3.1 SteelThe main factors of selecting material specially for body is wide variety of characteristics such as thermal, chemical or mechanical resistance, ease of manufacture and durability. So if we want to choose a material with these characteristics, Steel is ther first choice. There was many developments in irons and steels over the past couple decades that made the steel more light-weight, stronger, stiffer and improving other performance characteristics. Applications include not only vehicle bodies, but also engine, chassis, wheels and many other parts.
Iron and steel form the critical elements of structre for the vast majority of vehicles, and are low-cost materials.The past several years have seen steady increases in the use of high-strength steels that are referred to as high-strength, low-alloy steels. These materials formed the basis of Ultralight Steel Auto Body (ULSAB).
The ULSAB car body demonstrated a 19% mass reduction in a body structure that had superior strength and structural performance. Comparable mass reductions nad othere benefits were achieved for doors, hoods, decklids, and the hatchbacks.The prime reason for using steel in the body structre is its inherent capability to absorb impact energy in a crash situation.3.2 AluminiumThere are a wide variaty of aluminium usage in automotive powertrain, chassis and body structure. Use of aluminium can potentially reduce the weight of the vehicle body. Its low density and high specific energy absorption performance and good specific stregth are its most important properties.Aluminium is also resistance to corrosion. But according to its low modulus of elasticity, it cannot substitute steel parts and therefore those parts need to be re-engineered to achieve the same mechanical strength, but still aluminium offers weight reduction.Aluminium usage in automotive industry has grown within past years.
In automotive powertrain, aluminim castings have been used for almost 100% of pistons, about 75% of cylinder heads, 85% of intake manifolds and transmission. For chassis applications, aluminium castings are used for about 40% of wheels, and for brackets, brake components, suspension, steering components and unstriment panels. Aluminium is used for body structures, closures and exterior attachments such as crossbeams, doors or bonnets.Recent developments have shown that up to 50% weight saving for the body in white (BIW) can be achieved by the substitiution of steel by aluminium. This can result in a 20-30% total vehicle weight reduction.The cost of aluminium and price stability is its biggest obstacle for its application.3.3 MagnesiumMagnesium is another light metal that is becoming increasingly common in automotive engineering. It is 33% ligher than aluminium and 75% lighter than steel/cast iron components. Magnesium components have many mechanical/physical property disadvantage that require unique design for application to automotive products.
Although its tensile yield strength is about the same, magnesium has lower ultimate tensile strength fatigue strength, and creep strength compared to Aluminium. The modulus and hardness of magnesium alloys is lower than aluminium and the thermal expansion coefficient is greater.Magnesium alloys have distinct advantages over aluminium that include better manufacturability, longer die life and faster solidification. Also magnesium components have higher machinability.Because of its too low mechanical strength, pure magnesium must be alloyed with other elements.
The most common alloying elements for room temperature applications is Mg-Al-Zn group that contains aluminium, manganese, and zinc.3.4 Advanced composite materialsFibre reinforced composites offer a wide range of advantages to the automotive industry. It has the potential for saving weight offered by their low density. Component designs can be such that the fibres lie in the direction of the principal stresses, and amount of fibre used is sufficient to withstand the stress, thus optimising materials usage.3.5 Carbon-fibre epoxy compositeMost recently, the most of the racing car companies much more rely on composites form whether it would be plastic composites, Kevlar and most importantly carbon-fibre epoxy composition. It is because the composite structures is the high strength/low weight ratio.
The most common materials used for racing cars are carbon (graphite), Kevlar and glass fibres. Epoxy composites have been the first choice in Formula 1 car industeries and other race cars.3.6 Glass-fibre compositesGlass fibre is being used mostly for the sports car which includes Formula 1 cars. It is lighter than steel and aluminium, easy to be shaped and rust-proof. And more important factor is that it is cheap to be produced in small quantity.References1.New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry, Chapter 20, by ‘Elaheh Ghassemieh’2.Lightweight High Performance Materials for Car Body Structures, Dr Hossein Saidpoor.